WSIB Coverage for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Ontario (2026)

Ontario's Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB) provides Canada's most structured coverage pathway for ketamine-assisted therapy: ketamine HCl injection appears on five specialty formularies and esketamine (Spravato) on two, all requiring prior authorization for compensable CRPS (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome), refractory neuropathic pain, or TRD (treatment-resistant depression). Psilocybin and MDMA are not listed on any WSIB formulary. This guide walks Ontario workers and first responders through the formulary structure, Bill 163 presumptive PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) eligibility, and the step-by-step application process.

Key takeaways

• WSIB Ontario lists ketamine HCl injection on five specialty formularies (Musculoskeletal, CNS/PNS, Psychotraumatic, Chronic Pain Disability, and Serious Injury) and esketamine nasal spray (Spravato) on two (Psychotraumatic and Serious Injury), all with prior authorization.
• Covered indications are Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), refractory neuropathic pain, and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Use for PTSD symptoms and other psychiatric conditions is off-label; the Psychotraumatic (22WS) formulary covers TRD arising in the context of psychotraumatic injury, not ketamine as a direct PTSD treatment.
• Ontario's Bill 163 (passed 2016, expanded October 2024) gives designated first responders a legal presumption that their PTSD is work-related, accelerating underlying WSIB eligibility. It does not auto-approve specific treatments; prior authorization for ketamine still applies.
• The October 2024 expansion of Bill 163 added wildland firefighters and wildland fire investigators to the list of 20 designated worker categories.
• Psilocybin and MDMA are not listed on any WSIB formulary. Access is available only through Health Canada's Special Access Program (SAP), on a case-by-case basis.
• WSIB coverage is claim-by-claim and formulary-dependent. Our clinical team can walk through your specific situation.

What is WSIB's coverage framework for ketamine and esketamine?

WSIB Ontario provides the most structured provincial workers' compensation coverage in Canada for ketamine-based treatment. The WSIB Drug Benefit Program lists both ketamine HCl injection and esketamine nasal spray (Spravato) on specialty formularies, with prior authorization required for each. Coverage is not automatic. A treating physician must submit a prior authorization request demonstrating that the worker's specific compensable condition meets the formulary criteria, that conventional treatments have been trialled and documented, and that the proposed drug meets the clinical threshold for the relevant indication.

The drug formulary listing for ketamine and esketamine was published June 22, 2023 [WSIB 2023]. The WSIB Drug Benefit Program covers prescription drugs required for allowed work-related injury and illness; non-formulary drugs may be considered on a case-by-case basis through the prior authorization process. For any injured Ontario worker or first responder navigating this pathway, the parent article on workers' compensation coverage for psychedelic-assisted therapy in Canada provides a cross-provincial comparison.

Which WSIB formularies cover ketamine and esketamine?

WSIB's formulary structure maps each drug to specific compensable injury types and clinical indications. The distinctions matter: a worker with CRPS qualifies for a different formulary pathway than a worker with TRD arising from a psychotraumatic workplace injury.

Ketamine HCl injection (Ketalar and generics)

Ketamine HCl injection appears on five WSIB formularies, all with prior authorization:

Esketamine nasal spray (Spravato)

Esketamine HCl 28 mg nasal spray (Spravato) appears on two WSIB formularies, both with prior authorization:

Prior authorization criteria by indication

For CRPS (ketamine HCl only):

• Diagnosis of CRPS meeting Budapest Criteria
• Documented failure of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments
• Prior prednisone trial for early inflammatory CRPS
• Average pain rating at or above 4 out of 10

For Refractory Neuropathic Pain (ketamine HCl only):

• Confirmed neuropathic pain diagnosis
• Minimum three months of pain duration
• Average pain rating at or above 4 out of 10
• Failure of at least three first- and second-line pharmaceuticals at maximally tolerated effective doses

For Treatment-Resistant Depression (both drugs):

• Inadequate response to at least two oral antidepressants at maximally tolerated effective doses
• Screening for contraindications
• Administration by a qualified specialist with appropriate monitoring
• Approval duration: six months; subsequent requests require validated scoring tool evidence

Important distinction on the Psychotraumatic (22WS) formulary: The WSIB Psychotraumatic formulary covers TRD arising in the setting of a psychotraumatic compensable injury. This is distinct from using ketamine to treat PTSD symptoms directly. The clinical evidence for ketamine as a direct PTSD treatment remains preliminary [Feder et al. 2021; CADTH 2023], and VA/DoD clinical guidelines do not recommend ketamine for PTSD specifically [CADTH 2023]. A worker with compensable PTSD and comorbid TRD may qualify for the Psychotraumatic formulary for TRD, but the claim documentation must reflect the TRD indication, not PTSD symptom reduction alone.

Ketamine is approved by Health Canada as an anaesthetic. Use for TRD, PTSD, CRPS, and other indications is off-label, regulated in Ontario by the CPSO (College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario). For information on the broader evidence base, see ketamine therapy for PTSD and ketamine therapy for chronic pain.

What is Ontario's Bill 163 presumptive PTSD and how does it interact with WSIB?

Ontario's Bill 163 (the Supporting Ontario's First Responders Act, 2016, as amended) creates a legal presumption that PTSD diagnosed in a designated first responder arose out of and in the course of their employment. The burden of proof shifts: WSIB must demonstrate the employment was not a significant contributing factor if they wish to deny on causation grounds, rather than the worker having to prove work-relatedness.

The WSIB Operational Policy Manual documents this mechanism in Policy 15-03-13 (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in First Responders and Other Designated Workers), last updated February 4, 2026 [WSIB 2026].

What presumptive PTSD legislation does:

• Accelerates the underlying compensable PTSD diagnosis and WSIB eligibility
• Removes the burden on the worker to prove the PTSD is work-related
• Speeds access to mental-health treatment broadly, since the WSIB claim is established faster

What presumptive PTSD legislation does not do:

• It does NOT auto-approve any specific treatment, including ketamine or esketamine
• It does NOT override the formulary prior authorization requirements
• Each treatment request still requires clinical justification meeting the relevant formulary criteria

For a worker with compensable PTSD who also meets the TRD criteria for the Psychotraumatic (22WS) formulary, the presumptive diagnosis accelerates Step 1 of the application sequence (establishing the compensable diagnosis) but Steps 2 through 6 remain.

Who qualifies as a designated first responder under Bill 163?

WSIB Policy 15-03-13 (updated February 4, 2026) lists 20 designated worker categories eligible for presumptive PTSD coverage [WSIB 2026].

The 20 designated categories include:

Part 1 (original 2016 and subsequent amendments):

1. Full-time, part-time, and volunteer firefighters
2. Fire investigators
3. Police officers
4. Emergency response team members
5. Paramedics
6. Emergency medical attendants
7. Ambulance service managers
8. Dispatch workers (911 emergency-response telephone operators)
9. Nurses providing direct patient care (in certain settings)
10. Correctional institution workers
11. Secure custody and detention facility workers
12. Provincial bailiffs, probation officers, and supervisors of probation officers

Part 2 (expanded): 13. Special constables 14. Forensic and crime analysis unit police members

Part 3 (October 2024 expansion): 15. Wildland firefighters 16. Wildland fire investigators

Industrial workers, agricultural workers, and other WSIB-covered occupations outside this list retain the standard path to PTSD claims: they must document the work-relatedness of their PTSD diagnosis, which can be more demanding but remains achievable with appropriate clinical documentation.

The October 2024 expansion responded to the growing recognition of trauma exposure among wildland firefighters and investigators facing increasingly severe fire seasons in Ontario. Claims filed by wildland firefighters and investigators by April 28, 2025 received coverage under transitional provisions.

What does the clinical evidence say about ketamine for work-related PTSD and chronic pain?

The evidence base for ketamine in occupationally relevant conditions is meaningful but requires accurate framing. Different conditions have different levels of support, and the WSIB formulary reflects this distinction.

Ketamine for PTSD: emerging, not established

A 2021 randomized controlled trial by Feder et al. published in the American Journal of Psychiatry provided the first direct RCT evidence of efficacy for repeated ketamine infusions in chronic PTSD. In 30 participants with chronic PTSD, 67% of the ketamine group achieved at least 30% symptom reduction versus 20% in the midazolam group (d = 1.13) [Feder et al. 2021]. A 2025 double-blind crossover RCT (N = 33) found response rates of 64% (0.5 mg/kg) and 81% (1.0 mg/kg) at 24 hours, compared to 18% for fentanyl control [PMC12529321].

A 2024 meta-analysis of 22 samples from 11 studies (384 military personnel) found a moderate effect size for PTSD outcomes (g = 1.34) and pain outcomes (g = 1.75), with the conclusion that "ketamine may be a potential option for the treatment of depression, PTSD, and chronic pain in military populations" [Barsness et al. 2024].

However, a 2023 CADTH rapid review found that evidence does not support ketamine for PTSD per VA/DoD clinical guidelines, with mixed findings across small RCTs. Clinical guidelines remain cautious [CADTH 2023]. A Canadian community ketamine program at Edmonton reviewed preliminary evidence for PTSD but noted it was "not considered robust enough for inclusion in a regular protocol" [Chrenek/Swainson et al. 2024].

The clinical picture: ketamine for PTSD has a plausible and growing evidence base, but is not guideline-supported for that indication specifically. The WSIB formulary covers ketamine for TRD — including TRD arising in the context of psychotraumatic injury — not for PTSD symptom reduction as a primary indication.

Ketamine for CRPS and neuropathic pain: stronger evidence base

The evidence for ketamine in CRPS and refractory neuropathic pain is more established, which is reflected in the WSIB formulary's inclusion of ketamine on the Musculoskeletal (02WS), CNS/PNS (03WS), and Chronic Pain Disability (23WS) formularies for these conditions. Workers with compensable CRPS or refractory neuropathic pain represent the clearest pathway to WSIB ketamine coverage.

MDMA-assisted therapy: strongest PTSD evidence, not WSIB-covered

For PTSD specifically, MDMA-assisted therapy has the strongest phase 3 RCT evidence. In MAPP1 (N = 90), 67% of MDMA-group participants no longer met PTSD criteria at 18 weeks versus 32% placebo [Mitchell et al. 2021]. A confirmatory MAPP2 trial (N = 104) showed MDMA significantly outperformed placebo on PTSD severity (d = 0.70) and functional impairment (d = 0.40) [Mitchell et al. 2023].

Despite stronger PTSD-specific evidence, MDMA is not listed on any WSIB formulary. The access pathway is Health Canada's SAP, described in the section below.

Does WSIB cover psilocybin or MDMA? The SAP pathway explained

Psilocybin and MDMA are not listed on any Canadian workers' compensation formulary, including WSIB Ontario. These substances are restricted drugs under Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Patient access is available only through Health Canada's Special Access Program (SAP), on a case-by-case basis — and approval is not guaranteed.

Since January 2022, Health Canada has permitted SAP requests for psilocybin (primarily for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder or end-of-life distress) and MDMA (primarily for PTSD). However, SAP approval rates declined sharply in 2025: PsyCan, using data released under the Access to Information Act, reported approximately a 50% drop in approvals, along with substantially longer decision timelines [PsyCan 2025]. As PsyCan Board Chair Austin Miller stated: "The Special Access Program has become the hallway medicine of mental health care."

For Ontario workers pursuing psilocybin or MDMA through the SAP, the realistic 2026 picture is:

• Access is theoretically available for PTSD (MDMA) or TRD (psilocybin)
• Workers' compensation would not directly fund SAP-accessed therapy at this time
• The application process is complex, approval is uncertain, and timelines are long
• WSIB ketamine/esketamine coverage remains the most actionable compensable pathway

For a full explanation of the SAP framework and what the evidence shows for psilocybin and MDMA, see psychedelic-assisted therapy for PTSD.

Compliance notice: Psilocybin and MDMA are restricted drugs under Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Patient access is available only through Health Canada's Special Access Program, on a case-by-case basis. SAP approval is not guaranteed, and approval rates declined approximately 50% in 2025 [PsyCan 2025]. Ketamine use for psychiatric indications is off-label in Canada, regulated in Ontario by the CPSO. Intravenous and intramuscular ketamine administration requires a CPSO-approved Out-of-Hospital Premises. WSIB covers ketamine and esketamine on specific formularies with prior authorization only; coverage is claim-by-claim and formulary-dependent. This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical or legal advice.

Step-by-step: how to apply for WSIB coverage for ketamine therapy in Ontario

The application sequence for WSIB ketamine or esketamine coverage follows a defined path. The steps below reflect the general WSIB process; individual claims may vary based on the specific compensable injury, formulary, and clinical history.

Step 1: Establish the compensable diagnosis The WSIB claim must be accepted, and the compensable condition (CRPS, refractory neuropathic pain, or TRD associated with a compensable psychotraumatic injury) must be established. For designated first responders, Ontario Bill 163 creates a presumption of work-relatedness that accelerates this step significantly. Industrial workers and others must document the work-relatedness of their condition through the standard WSIB adjudication process.

Step 2: Identify a prescribing physician in Ontario Ketamine for psychiatric and pain indications in Ontario requires a prescribing physician who has the knowledge, skill, and judgment to do so safely, as required by CPSO policy. For intravenous or intramuscular administration, the treatment must occur in a CPSO-approved Out-of-Hospital Premises (OHPIP — Level 3 equivalent). Oral and intranasal ketamine do not require OHPIP approval. Esketamine/Spravato is administered intranasally under supervision.

Step 3: Document conventional treatment failures The WSIB prior authorization criteria are explicit about prior treatment trials. For TRD, two oral antidepressants at maximally tolerated effective doses must have been tried and failed. For CRPS or neuropathic pain, multiple pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments including specific pharmaceuticals must have been documented. The prescribing physician builds this record as part of the prior authorization request package.

Step 4: Submit the prior authorization request The prescribing physician submits the prior authorization request to WSIB's Drug Benefit Program. The request must include the specific formulary being applied under, the clinical justification for meeting that formulary's criteria, and documentation of prior treatment failures. WSIB reviews the request against the published criteria.

Step 5: Await WSIB review WSIB reviews prior authorization requests and issues a decision. Approval timelines vary. Initial approvals for TRD are valid for six months; subsequent approvals require evidence of response using validated scoring tools. If denied, the worker has appeal rights through the WSIB Workplace Safety and Insurance Appeals Tribunal (WSIAT).

Step 6: Treatment with WSIB reimbursement If approved, the prescribed ketamine or esketamine is covered through WSIB's Drug Benefit Program. The worker receives treatment in the CPSO-approved facility, and WSIB reimburses the drug cost. Associated physician fees and psychotherapy components have separate coverage rules within WSIB's health-care services framework.

Pro tip: Case managers and WSIB-affiliated physicians are key allies in the prior authorization process. A well-prepared clinical package that anticipates the formulary criteria — including documented treatment failures in the correct sequence — substantially reduces back-and-forth with WSIB. Workers can request that their WSIB case manager identify the relevant formulary before the prescribing physician submits the application.

How ATMA CENA supports Ontario workers and first responders

ATMA CENA's role in a WSIB treatment pathway is as a clinical partner for preparation and integration — not the prior-authorization decision-maker. WSIB decides coverage; the treating specialist submits the request; ATMA CENA supports the clinical framework surrounding treatment.

Specifically, ATMA CENA can:

• Support the preparation phase for workers approaching WSIB-funded ketamine treatment, including a thorough clinical intake, trauma-informed assessment, and realistic expectation-setting given the specific compensable context
• Provide integration support following ketamine sessions, coordinating with the worker's existing WSIB-affiliated treating team rather than replacing it
• Assist case managers and referring physicians in understanding what the preparation and integration components of psychedelic-assisted therapy look like clinically, supporting documentation for prior authorization where appropriate
• Evaluate SAP eligibility for workers with compensable PTSD who may qualify for psilocybin or MDMA through Health Canada's Special Access Program, understanding the 2025 approval-rate context

Workers with established WSIB relationships — including WSIB-affiliated psychologists, EAP therapists, and occupational health physicians — can retain those relationships as primary while working with ATMA CENA's clinical infrastructure for the dosing-specific preparation and integration frame.

For Ontario workers in Toronto, Mississauga, and surrounding communities, psychedelic-assisted therapy in Mississauga and in Ottawa, psychedelic-assisted therapy in Ottawa may be relevant local access points. See ketamine therapy in Toronto for information on Ontario-specific ketamine therapy access.

Frequently asked questions

Does WSIB cover psychedelic-assisted therapy in Ontario?

WSIB covers ketamine HCl injection and esketamine nasal spray (Spravato) on specific specialty formularies, with prior authorization, for three indications: CRPS, refractory neuropathic pain, and treatment-resistant depression. Coverage is claim-by-claim and formulary-dependent. Psilocybin and MDMA are not covered on any WSIB formulary. WSIB does not cover psychedelic-assisted therapy as a broad category; coverage is specific to those approved drugs, those specific indications, and workers who meet the prior authorization criteria [WSIB 2023].

What is the WSIB formulary for ketamine?

Ketamine HCl injection is listed on five WSIB formularies: Musculoskeletal (02WS), CNS/PNS (03WS), Psychotraumatic (22WS), Chronic Pain Disability (23WS), and Serious Injury (27WS). Esketamine (Spravato) is listed on two: Psychotraumatic (22WS) and Serious Injury (27WS). All require prior authorization. The Psychotraumatic formulary covers TRD arising in a psychotraumatic injury context, not PTSD symptom reduction directly [WSIB 2023].

What does Ontario's Bill 163 do for workers pursuing WSIB ketamine coverage?

Bill 163 creates a legal presumption that PTSD in a designated first responder arose from their employment, accelerating the underlying WSIB claim establishment. This removes a significant administrative barrier for eligible workers — they do not have to prove work-relatedness. However, Bill 163 does not change the formulary prior authorization criteria. A first responder with presumptive PTSD who also meets TRD criteria must still complete the prior authorization process for ketamine or esketamine [WSIB 2026].

Who is a designated first responder under Ontario's presumptive PTSD legislation?

WSIB Policy 15-03-13 (updated February 2026) lists 20 categories, including: full-time, part-time, and volunteer firefighters and fire investigators; police officers; paramedics and emergency medical attendants; 911 dispatch workers; nurses in direct patient care roles; correctional workers; provincial bailiffs and probation officers; special constables; and, as of October 2024, wildland firefighters and wildland fire investigators [WSIB 2026].

Can I get WSIB to cover ketamine for PTSD symptoms directly?

The WSIB formulary does not list PTSD as a covered indication for ketamine or esketamine. The Psychotraumatic (22WS) formulary covers TRD in the context of a psychotraumatic compensable injury. A worker with both compensable PTSD and treatment-resistant depression may qualify through the TRD indication on the Psychotraumatic formulary, but the prior authorization must document TRD specifically. The clinical evidence for ketamine as a direct PTSD treatment is emerging but not yet guideline-supported [Feder et al. 2021; CADTH 2023].

Does WSIB cover psilocybin therapy?

No. Psilocybin is not listed on any WSIB formulary. Access to psilocybin-assisted therapy in Ontario requires Health Canada's Special Access Program (SAP) approval, which is case-by-case and not guaranteed. SAP approval rates declined approximately 50% in 2025 [PsyCan 2025]. WSIB would not directly reimburse SAP-accessed psilocybin therapy under the current 2026 formulary structure.

Does WSIB cover MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD?

No. MDMA is not listed on any WSIB formulary. Despite MDMA-assisted therapy having the strongest phase 3 RCT evidence for PTSD (Mitchell et al. 2021, 2023), it remains outside the WSIB coverage framework. The access pathway is Health Canada's SAP for eligible workers with treatment-resistant PTSD. SAP approval rates declined significantly in 2025 [PsyCan 2025].

What happens if WSIB denies my prior authorization for ketamine?

WSIB prior authorization denials can be appealed through the Workplace Safety and Insurance Appeals Tribunal (WSIAT). Additional clinical evidence, documentation of further conventional treatment failures, or specialist consultations can strengthen an appeal. Workers may also seek assistance from Ontario's Office of the Worker Adviser (OWA), which provides free representation for injured workers in WSIB proceedings.

Does the 2026 WSIB coverage expansion apply to me?

Ontario proposed expanding mandatory WSIB coverage to approximately 29,000 additional frontline care workers in private residential care facilities in April 2026. This expansion addresses which workers have WSIB coverage, not which treatments are covered. The ketamine and esketamine formulary listings apply equally across all WSIB-eligible workers who meet the prior authorization criteria [Ontario 2026].

Are there any workers not covered by WSIB in Ontario who might qualify for ketamine coverage?

Workers outside mandatory WSIB coverage may have employers that have opted into WSIB coverage or may have access through private insurance or out-of-pocket payment. WSIB formulary coverage is only relevant to workers with active WSIB claims. Workers without WSIB claims but with private insurance should review their benefits plan and refer to the parent article on insurance coverage for psychedelic-assisted therapy in Canada for guidance.

How is ATMA CENA involved in the WSIB process?

Compliance disclaimer

Ketamine and esketamine are approved by Health Canada as an anaesthetic (ketamine) and for treatment-resistant depression (esketamine/Spravato). Use of ketamine for PTSD, chronic pain, and other psychiatric indications is off-label, regulated in Ontario by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO). Intravenous and intramuscular administration of ketamine requires a CPSO-approved Out-of-Hospital Premises (OHPIP Level 3). Psilocybin and MDMA are restricted drugs under Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Patient access to psilocybin- or MDMA-assisted therapy is available only through Health Canada's Special Access Program (SAP), on a case-by-case basis. SAP approval is not guaranteed; approval rates declined approximately 50% in 2025 [PsyCan 2025]. WSIB Ontario covers ketamine and esketamine on specific formularies with prior authorization only. Coverage is claim-by-claim and formulary-dependent; presumptive PTSD legislation (Ontario Bill 163) accelerates the underlying PTSD diagnosis for designated first responders but does not guarantee approval of specific treatments. Advertising by Ontario Registered Psychotherapists is governed by CRPO Practice Standard 6.2. No testimonials are presented on this page. This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical or legal advice.

Sources: Health Canada SAP Notice | WSIB Drug Formulary — Ketamine and Esketamine | CPSO Prescribing Drugs Policy | CRPO Practice Standard 6.2

Sources

1. WSIB Ontario (2023). Drug Formulary Listing Decision: Ketamine and Esketamine. Workplace Safety and Insurance Board. https://www.wsib.ca/en/drug-formulary-listing-decision-ketamine-and-esketamine
2. WSIB Ontario (2026, February 4). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in First Responders and Other Designated Workers (Policy 15-03-13). Operational Policy Manual. https://www.wsib.ca/en/operational-policy-manual/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-first-responders-and-other-designated
3. Ontario Legislative Assembly (2016). Bill 163, Supporting Ontario's First Responders Act (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder), 2016. https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-41/session-1/bill-163
4. Feder, A., Costi, S., Rutter, S.B., et al. (2021). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Repeated Ketamine Administration for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(2), 193–202. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33397139/
5. [Author(s)] (2025). Ketamine for treatment-resistant PTSD: double-blind active-controlled randomised crossover study. PMC. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12529321/
6. Barsness, [et al.] (2024). Ketamine in the effective management of chronic pain, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder for Veterans: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1338581. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1338581/full
7. Mitchell, J.M., et al. (2021). MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nature Medicine, 27(6), 1025–1033. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01336-3
8. Mitchell, J.M., et al. (2023). MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Nature Medicine, 29(10), 2473–2480. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02565-4
9. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) (2023). Ketamine for Adults With Treatment-Resistant Depression or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A 2023 Update. NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK602384/
10. Chrenek, C., Duong, B., Khullar, A., McRee, C., Thomas, R., Swainson, J. (2024). Use of ketamine for treatment resistant depression: updated review of literature and practical applications to a community ketamine program in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1283733. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1283733/full
11. PsyCan (2025, September). PsyCan Discovers Sharp Decline in Health Canada Approvals for Doctors Seeking Legal Psychedelic Therapy for Patients. https://psychedelicscanada.org/media/2025/09/psycan-discovers-sharp-decline-in-health-canada-approvals-for-doctors-seeking-legal-psychedelic-therapy-for-patients
12. CPSO (2019, December). Prescribing Drugs Policy. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. https://www.cpso.on.ca/Physicians/Policies-Guidance/Policies/Prescribing-Drugs
13. CPSO. Out-of-Hospital Premises Inspection Programme Overview. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. https://www.cpso.on.ca/Physicians/Your-Practice/Accreditation-Programs/Out-of-Hospital-Premises-Inspection-Program/Out-of-Hospital-Premises-Inspection-Program-Overvi
14. CRPO (2024, September). Practice Standard 6.2: Advertising. College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario. https://crpo.ca/practice-standards/business-practices/advertising/

Related articles

• Workers' Compensation Coverage for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Canada — cross-provincial WCB coverage overview
• Insurance Coverage for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Canada — private and group insurance coverage overview
• WCB Alberta Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy — Alberta's formal prior-authorization framework
• Ketamine Therapy for PTSD — PTSD indication evidence
• Ketamine Therapy for Chronic Pain — chronic pain indication evidence
• Ketamine Therapy in Toronto — Ontario access point
• Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Ottawa — Ontario access point
• Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Mississauga — Ontario access point
• Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for PTSD — PTSD condition overview

Last updated: 2026-05-06. This article is reviewed every 3 months given regulatory sensitivity.